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111分科數學甲試題-15~17

考慮坐標平面上之向量\(\overrightarrow{a}\)、\(\overrightarrow{b}\)滿足\(|\overrightarrow{a}| + |\overrightarrow{b}| = 9\)以及\(|\overrightarrow{a} – \overrightarrow{b}| = 7\)。若令\(|\overrightarrow{a}| = x\),其中\(1 \lt x \lt 8\),且令\(\overrightarrow{a}\)、\(\overrightarrow{b}\)的夾角為\(\theta\),則利用向量\(\overrightarrow{a}\)、\(\overrightarrow{b}\)、\(\overrightarrow{a} – \overrightarrow{b}\)所形成的三角形,可將\(\cos\theta\)以x表示成\(\frac{c}{9x – x^2} + d\),其中c、d為常數且\(c \gt 0\)。令此表示式為\(f(x)\),且其定義域為\(\{x \mid 1 \lt x \lt 8\}\)。試回答下列問題:
15.求\(f(x)\)及其導函數。
16.說明\(f(x)\)在定義域中遞增、遞減的情況。並說明x為多少時\(\overrightarrow{a}\)、\(\overrightarrow{b}\)的夾角\(\theta\)最大。
17.利用\(f(x)\)的一次估計(一次近似),求當\(x = 4.96\)時,\(\cos\theta\)約為多少?

答案

15. 求\(f(x)\)及其導函數已知\(|\vec{a}| = x\),則\(|\vec{b}| = 9 - x\)。由\(|\vec{a} - \vec{b}| = 7\),根據向量模長公式:\(7^2 = x^2 + (9 - x)^2 - 2x(9 - x)\cos\theta\)
展開整理得:\(49 = 2x^2 - 18x + 81 - 2x(9 - x)\cos\theta \implies \cos\theta = \frac{16}{9x - x^2} - 1\)
故\(f(x) = \frac{16}{9x - x^2} - 1\)。求導:\(f'(x) = \frac{16 \cdot (2x - 9)}{(9x - x^2)^2} = \frac{32x - 144}{(9x - x^2)^2}\)16. \(f(x)\)的單調性與\(\theta\)最大值當\(1 < x < 4.5\),\(f'(x) < 0\),\(f(x)\)遞減;當\(4.5 < x < 8\),\(f'(x) > 0\),\(f(x)\)遞增。\(\cos\theta\)越小,\(\theta\)越大。\(f(x)\)在\(x = 4.5\)時取最小值,此時\(\cos\theta\)最小,故\(x = 4.5\)時,\(\theta\)最大。17. 一次估計求\(\cos\theta\)取\(x_0 = 5\),計算:\(f(5) = \frac{16}{25} - 1 = -0.2, \quad f'(5) = \frac{16}{400} = 0.04\)
當\(x = 4.96\),\(\Delta x = -0.04\),線性近似:\(f(4.96) \approx f(5) + f'(5) \cdot (-0.04) = -0.2 - 0.0016 = -0.2016\) 報錯
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