整合能力

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The term “forensic linguistics,” in its broadest sense, covers all areas of study where language and law intersect. A famous example of its application is the case of Chris Coleman, who was suspected of killing his family in 2009. Robert Leonard, the head of the forensic linguistics program at Hofstra University, presented some important linguistic evidence in the trial against Coleman. Relying heavily on word choice and spelling, Leonard suggested that the same person had written the threatening e-mails and sprayed the graffiti, and that those samples bore similarities to Coleman’s writing style. Coleman was later found guilty of the murder. Robert Leonard was not the first one who resorted to linguistic evidence in criminal investigation. The field of forensic linguistics was brought to prominence by his colleague James Fitzgerald in 1996 with his work in the case of the Unabomber, who had sent a series of letter bombs to college professors over several years, causing serious casualties. Working for the FBI, Fitzgerald urged the publication of the Unabomber’s letter-a lengthy declaration of the criminal’s philosophy. After the letter was published, many people called the FBI to say they recognized the writing style. By analyzing sentence structure, word choice, and other linguistic patterns, Fitzgerald narrowed down the range of possible authors and finally linked the letter to the writings of Ted Kaczynski, a solitary former mathematician. For instance, Kaczynski tended to use extensive parallel phrases, which were frequently found in the bomber’s letter. Both Kaczynski and the bomber also showed a preference for dozens of unusual words, such as “chimerical” and “anomic.” The bomber’s use of the terms “broad” for women and “negro” for African Americans also enabled Fitzgerald to roughly calculate the suspect’s age. The linguistic evidence was strong enough for the judge to search Kaczynski’s isolated cabin in Montana; what was found there put him in prison for life. On some level, finding hidden meanings from linguistic evidence is what we all do intuitively in our daily language interaction. This is exactly the same work forensic professionals do. As one forensic linguistics firm, Testipro, puts it in its online promotional ad, the field can be regarded as “the basis of the entire legal system.”
44. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) Robert Leonard has provided linguistic evidence in court cases.
(B) The FBI relies mainly on language experts to solve its crime cases.
(C) Studying texts can provide critical evidence in criminal investigations.
(D) Finding hidden meanings in language use is important for daily interactions.

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45. Which of the following is true about the Unabomber?
(A) He didn’t like to be called negro.
(B) He was good at analyzing the use of language.
(C) He declared his philosophy in a written statement.
(D) He was a professor of mathematics living on Hofstra campus.

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46. What type of language feature is NOT mentioned in the passage?
(A) Sound pattern.
(B) Spelling of words.
(C) Selection of words.
(D) Grammatical pattern.

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47. What can be inferred from the passage?
(A) Meaning can be distorted in the process of writing.
(B) Some features in language use are shared by everyone.
(C) Crimes are usually committed by people who are highly educated.
(D) People tend to stick to certain habitual patterns in their use of language.

[題組:第48題到第51題]
During the past three hundred years, when a country gains its freedom or independence, one of the first things established is a national anthem. National anthems are generally played and sung at formal state occasions and other events which celebrate or support the country’s national identity. Holland’s 16th-century hymn “Het Wilhelmus” is widely considered the world’s oldest national anthem, followed by the U.K.’s “God Save the King/Queen”-also a hymn, popularized in the 1740s. As nationalism spread throughout Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, so did anthems. Many countries, such as the independent states that are today part of Germany, took “God Save the King/Queen” as a model and adopted hymns (songs of prayer typically addressed to a deity or VIP). Others, notably Spain and France, chose marches (songs with a strong, regular rhythm often performed by military bands)-which expressed a martial rather than monarchic spirit. With imperialism, Europeans spread their musical taste. Even when former colonies gained independence, they often imitated the traditions of their former rulers. The result is that most anthems are either hymns or marches, played on European instruments. Japan’s anthem makes for a good case study of European influence. In the 1860s a British bandmaster living in Japan, John William Fenton, noted that the country did not have a national anthem. A local military officer, Ōyama Iwao, selected the lyrics from a Heian era poem and Fenton wrote the melody. About a decade later, a Japanese committee chose a replacement melody by a court musician-one that had been composed for traditional Japanese instruments, but in a mixed style influenced by Fenton’s arrangement. The version in use today was also altered by German Franz Eckert to fit a Western scale. In addition to hymns and marches, British composer Michael Bristow identifies a couple of more minor categories. National anthems in South and Central America are often operatic, with long, elaborate orchestral introductions. These were influenced by 19th-century Italian opera. Burma and Sri Lanka are both in a folk group, as they rely more on indigenous instruments.
48. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a basis to compose national anthems?
(A) Prayer songs.
(B) Marching songs.
(C) Italian opera music.
(D) Movie theme music.

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49. What is the second paragraph mainly about?
(A) The function of national anthems.
(B) The world’s oldest national anthem.
(C) The origin and spread of national anthems.
(D) Reasons why many countries have national anthems.

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50. Which of the following is true regarding Japan’s national anthem?
(A) It was not written until the 20th century.
(B) The lyrics was written by a Japanese officer.
(C) The melody was first composed by a British musician.
(D) The current version is barely influenced by western music.

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51. What can be inferred about the influence of European imperialism on national anthems?
(A) Human rights are a common theme in national anthems.
(B) National anthems of some countries share similar musical features.
(C) Many national anthems were chosen by ruling European countries.
(D) Local traditions were excluded in the composition of national anthems.

提示:每個人從小到大都有覺得寂寞的時刻,也都各自有排解寂寞的經驗和方法｡當你感到寂寞時,有什麼人､事或物可以陪伴你,為你排遣寂寞呢?請以此為主題,寫一篇英文作文,文長至少120個單詞(words)｡文分兩段,第一段說明你會因為什麼原因或在何種情境下感到寂寞,第二段描述某個人､事或物如何伴你度過寂寞時光｡

第41至44題為題組
In Japan， a person’s blood type is popularly believed to decide his/her temperament and personality. Type-A people are generally considered sensitive perfectionists and good team players， but over-anxious. Type Os are curious and generous but stubborn. Type ABs are artistic but mysterious and unpredictable， and type Bs are cheerful but eccentric， individualistic， and selfish. Though lacking scientific evidence， this belief is widely seen in books， magazines， and television shows.
The blood-type belief has been used in unusual ways. The women’s softball team that won gold for Japan at the Beijing Olympics is reported to have used blood-type theories to customize training for each player. Some kindergartens have adopted teaching methods along blood group lines， and even major companies reportedly make decisions about assignments based on an employee’s blood type. In 1990， Mitsubishi Electronics was reported to have announced the formation of a team composed entirely of AB workers， thanks to “their ability to make plans.”
The belief even affects politics. One former prime minister considered it important enough to reveal in his official profile that he was a type A， while his opposition rival was type B. In 2011， a minister， Ryu Matsumoto， was forced to resign after only a week in office， when a bad-tempered encounter with local officials was televised. In his resignation speech， he blamed his failings on the fact that he was blood type B.
The blood-type craze， considered simply harmless fun by some Japanese， may manifest itself as prejudice and discrimination. In fact， this seems so common that the Japanese now have a term for it: bura-hara， meaning blood-type harassment. There are reports of discrimination leading to children being bullied， ending of happy relationships， and loss of job opportunities due to blood type.
41. What is the speaker’s attitude toward the blood-type belief in Japan?
(A) Negative.
(B) Defensive.
(C) Objective.
(D) Encouraging.