整合能力

[題組:第31-35題]35.

Copernicus, founder of modern astronomy, was born in 1473 to a well-to-do merchant family in Torun, Poland. He was sent off to attend university in Italy, studying mathematics and optics, and canon law. Returning from his studies abroad, Copernicus was appointed to an administrative position in the cathedral of Frauenburg. There he spent a sheltered and academic life for the rest of his days.
31 He made his observations from a tower situated on the protective wall around the cathedral. His observations were made with the “bare eyeball,” so to speak, as a hundred years were to pass before the invention of the telescope. In 1530, Copernicus completed his famous work De Revolutionibus, which later played a major role in changing the philosophical view of humankind’s place in the universe. 32
Copernicus died in 1543 and was never to know what a stir his work would cause. In his book, he asserted that the Earth rotated on its axis once daily and traveled around the Sun once yearly. 33 People then regarded the Earth as stationary, situated at the center of the universe, with the Sun and all the planets revolving around it. Copernicus’ theory challenged the long-held belief that God created the Heavens and the Earth, and could overturn the core values of the Catholic world. 34 Other ministers quickly followed suit, saying of Copernicus, “This fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside down.”
Ironically, Copernicus had dedicated his work to Pope Paul III. 35 The Church ultimately banned De Revolutionibus, and the book remained on the list of forbidden reading material for nearly three centuries thereafter.
(A) Meanwhile, Copernicus was a lifelong member of the Catholic Church.
(B) The book, however, wasn’t published until two months before his death.
(C) If this act was an attempt to seek the Catholic Church’s approval, it was of no use.
(D) This went against the philosophical and religious beliefs held during medieval times.
(E) Religious leader Martin Luther voiced his opposition to the sun-centered system model.
(F) In his spare time, Copernicus studied the stars and the planets, applying his math knowledge to the mysteries of the night sky.

[題組:第36-39題]Tempeh (or tempe), a traditional soy product from Indonesia, is hailed as the country’s “gift to the world,” like kimchi from Korea or miso from Japan.
A stable, cheap source of protein in Indonesia for centuries, tempeh is a fermented food originating from the island of Java. It was discovered during tofu production when discarded soybean residue caught microbial spores from the air and grew certain whitish fungi around it. When this fermented residue was found to be edible and tasty, people began producing it at home for daily consumption across the country. This has given rise to many variations in its flavor and texture throughout different Indonesian regions.
Tempeh is high in protein and low in fat, and contains a host of vitamins. In fact, it is the only reported plant-based source of vitamin B12. Apart from being able to help reduce cholesterol, increase bone density, and promote muscle recovery, tempeh has a lot of polyphenols that protect skin cells and slow down the aging process. Best of all, with the same protein quality as meat and the ability to take on many flavors and textures, tempeh is a great meat substitute-something the vegetarian and vegan communities have been quick in adopting.
In addition to its highly nutritional makeup, tempeh has diverse preparation possibilities. It can be served as a main course (usually in curries) or a side dish to be eaten with rice, as a deep-fried snack, or even blended into smoothies and healthy juices. Though not yet a popular food among international diners, you may find tempeh-substituted BLTs (bacon, lettuce, tomato sandwiches) in San Francisco as easily as you can find vegetarian burgers with tempeh patties in Bali.
For the people of Indonesia, tempeh is not just food but also has cultural value. With the Indonesian traditional fabric batik being recognized by UNESCO as “Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity,” tempeh has great potential for this honor as well.
36. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) The preparation of a health food.
(B) A traditional delicacy from Java.
(C) A gourmet guide for vegetarians.
(D) The cultural heritage of Indonesia.

[題組:第36-39題]37. According to the passage, which of the following is true about tempeh?
(A) It is mainly served as a side dish.
(B) It is discarded when fungi grow around it.
(C) It is formed from fermented soybeans.
(D) It has the same nutritional benefits as kimchi.

[題組:第36-39題]38. What aspects of tempeh are discussed in paragraphs 2 to 4?
(A) Origin $\to$ nutrition $\to$ cuisine.
(B) Origin $\to$ cuisine $\to$ marketing.
(C) Cuisine $\to$ nutrition $\to$ marketing.
(D) Distribution $\to$ cuisine $\to$ nutrition.

[題組:第36-39題]39. Which of the following can be inferred from this passage?
(A) Senior citizens will eat tempeh as vitamin supplement.
(B) Tempeh will soon be more popular than kimchi or miso.
(C) The nutrition of tempeh will be reduced with mass production.
(D) Tempeh is likely to be recognized as an international cultural symbol.

[題組:第40-43題]When Dr. David Spiegel emerged from a three-hour shoulder surgery in 1972, he didn’t use any pain medication to recover. Instead, he hypnotized himself. It worked-to the surprise of everyone but Spiegel himself, who has studied hypnosis for 45 years.
Hypnosis is often misunderstood as a sleep-like state in which a person is put to sleep and does whatever he is asked to do. But according to Dr. Spiegel, it is a state of highly focused attention and intense concentration. Being hypnotized, you tune out most of the stimuli around you. You focus intently on the subject at hand, to the near exclusion of any other thought. This trance-like state can be an effective tool to control pain, ease anxiety, and deal with stress.
Not all people, however, are equally hypnotizable. In a recent study, Dr. Spiegel and his colleagues found that people who are easily hypnotized tend to be more trusting of others, more intuitive, and more likely to get caught up in a good movie. The research team compared people who were highly hypnotizable with those low in hypnotizability. Both groups were given fMRI scans during several different conditions: at rest, while recalling a memory, and during two sessions of hypnotism. The researchers saw some interesting changes in the brain during hypnosis-but only in the highly hypnotizable group. Specifically, there was a drop in activity in the part of the brain which usually fires up when there is something to worry about.
This helps explain how hypnosis can have powerful effects, including reducing stress, anxiety, pain, and self-consciousness. Spiegel hopes that the practice can be used to replace painkillers. His own previous research has shown that when people in pain were taught self-hypnosis, they needed half the pain medication and suffered half the pain of those who were only given access to painkillers. However, more needs to be learned about hypnosis in order to harness its potential effects.
40. How does the author begin the passage?
(A) By giving a definition.
(B) By mentioning an incident.
(C) By providing statistics.
(D) By comparing people’s responses.

[題組:第40-43題]41. According to the passage, what is the goal of Dr. Spiegel’s work?
(A) To explain the real cause of pain.
(B) To help people concentrate on their job.
(C) To explore how hypnosis can be used as a medical treatment.
(D) To strengthen the brain’s functions to reduce psychological problems.

[題組:第40-43題]42. According to Dr. Spiegel, which of the following is true when people are hypnotized?
(A) They recall only happy memories.
(B) Their mind is fixed only on what they are doing.
(C) They do whatever they are told to do.
(D) They have greater awareness of things around them.

[題組:第40-43題]43. What can be inferred about highly hypnotizable people?
(A) They tend to be isolated from the society.
(B) They are more likely to fall asleep during the day.
(C) They may easily identify themselves with characters in fictions.
(D) They are more trustworthy than people who are less hypnotizable.

[題組:第44-47題]In many languages, such as English, there is no straightforward way to talk about smell. For want of dedicated odor terminology, English speakers are often forced to use odor-sources such as “flowery” and “vanilla” and metaphors like “sweet” and “oriental” in their descriptions of smell.
But the difficulty with talking about smell is not universal. The Maniq, a group of hunter-gatherers in southern Thailand, can describe smells using at least fifteen different terms, which express only smells and are not applicable across other sensory domains. In addition to Maniq, researchers found that there are also a dozen words for various smells in Jahai, a language spoken by a neighboring hunter-gatherer population.
Interestingly, the difficulty for English speakers to translate smell directly into words seems to have very little to do with the nose’s actual capabilities. According to findings of a recent study, English speakers are capable of discriminating more than a trillion different odors. Then, why is there a gap between their ability to discriminate scent and their vocabulary? The researchers suggest that surroundings may play a significant role.
Maniq and Jahai speakers live in tropical rainforest regions with a hunting-gathering lifestyle, and these two ethnic groups evaluate their surroundings through their noses to survive in nature. In an environment that is still largely untouched by humans, they are surrounded by smells at all times. They need to use their sense of smell to identify animals that they can hunt, and to recognize objects or events, such as spoiled food, that can pose a danger. Unlike the Maniq and the Jahai, many English speakers inhabit the post-industrial west and do not rely on smells to survive in their environment. This difference may explain the interesting linguistic phenomenon discussed above.
44. What is the purpose of this passage?
(A) To evaluate the languages used by different ethnic groups.
(B) To prove how civilization slows down language development.
(C) To describe how terms of smell are found in different languages.
(D) To point out the link between language use and the environment.