第53至56題為題組
Four millennia ago， an ancient Babylonian wrote down what is possibly the first lullaby. It is a rather threatening lullaby， in which the baby is scolded for disturbing the house god with its crying and warned of terrifying consequences. It may have got the baby to sleep， but its message is far from comforting: If he/she does not stop crying， the demon will eat him/her. This lullaby may sound more scary than sleep-inducing， yet it is true that many lullabies—including those sung today—have dark **undertones**.
Research has shown that lullabies， when used correctly， can soothe and possibly even help to heal an infant; but it is the caretaker’s voice and the rhythm and melody of the music that babies respond to， not the content of the song. Then， what is the function of the content? According to studies， some lullabies provide advice， like the Babylonian lullaby， and quite a few others offer the space to sing the unsung， say the unsayable. Lyrics to those lullabies can indeed be interpreted as a reflection of the caregiver’s emotions.
Researchers believe that a large part of the function of lullabies is to help a mother vocalize her worries and concerns. The mother’s fear of loss especially makes sense since the infant/oddler years of life are fragile ones. Since there is a special physical bond between mother and child during this period， mothers feel they can sing to their child about their own fears and anxieties. Lullabies， therefore， serve as therapy for the mother. In addition， the songs are seemingly trying to work some magic—as if， by singing， the mother is saying， “Sadness has already touched this house; no need to come by again.””
53. Which of the following titles best describes the main idea of this passage?
(A) The Origin of Lullabies
(B) The Functions of Lullabies
(C) Threatening Lullabies
(D) Sleep-Inducing Lullabies”
閱讀測驗
107學測英文試卷55
第53至56題為題組
55. What does the author use to support the idea that lullabies can have a soothing effect?
(A) Research reports.
(B) Examples found in history.
(C) Stories of caretakers.
(D) The author’s personal experiences.
107學測英文試卷56
第53至56題為題組
56. According to this passage， which of the following statements is true?
(A) Scary lullabies better help babies fall asleep.
(B) Mothers prefer to sing lullabies with a joyful melody.
(C) Lullabies comfort not only the baby but also the mother.
(D) Babies react to both the music and the lyrics of lullabies.
109學測英文試卷-41
第41至44題為題組
The flip-flop is the simplest shoe on the planet. It consists of a piece of rubber， plastic， leather， or woven material in the outline of a foot， with a strap holding the sandal to a wearer’s toes. The name comes from the sound the sandals make when they slap the walking feet.
The earliest record of people wearing the flip-flop comes from Egypt， but many ancient cultures had their own variants of the footwear. In the Greek version， the toe strap ran between the first and second toes， while Roman sandals had the strap between the second and third toes. The Mesopotamians wore the strap between the third and fourth toes. In India， “toe knob”” sandals had a knob between the first and second toes.
Modern flip-flops derive from Japanese zōris， which were often worn with socks dividing the big toe from the rest， and were typically made of rice straw. During World War II， Japan seized much of Southeast Asia’s rubber. In 1945， devastated from the war， the country set about establishing a cheap industry that could rebuild its economy. The Japanese used their rubber reserves from the war to mass-produce the simplest Japanese footwear. Rubber thus replaced rice straw as the major material for the flip-flop.
In the 1950s， flip-flops became popular in the United States as soldiers returning from occupied Japan brought zōris home. The sandals have subsequently undergone redesign， often appearing in bright colors in line with Californian beach culture. They have remained popular due to their convenience， and are often worn with bathing suits or summer clothing. Some people also wear dressy versions for more formal occasions.
Despite their popularity， flip-flops provoke some questions. Their simple design is responsible for many foot injuries. Another issue is the suitability of exposing feet on the street and places other than the beach. But even more serious is their environmental impact: Millions of plastic discards end up in landfills or the ocean， releasing chemicals and at the same time taking centuries to decompose.
41. Which culture most likely created the sandals shown in the picture?
(A) Indian.
(B) Greek.
(C) Mesopotamian.
(D) Roman.”
109學測英文試卷-42
第41至44題為題組
42. Why is the footwear discussed in the passage called “flip-flop””?
(A) Because of the noise it makes.
(B) Because of its changeable design.
(C) Because of its simple structure.
(D) Because of the comfort of wearing it.”
109學測英文試卷-43
第41至44題為題組
43. Which of the following is true about the modern development of the flip-flop?
(A) Modern flip-flops originated from Indian toe knob sandals.
(B) Americans loved the Japanese flip-flop because of its bright colors.
(C) Rubber became the major material of the flip-flop before World War II.
(D) The sandals American soldiers brought home from Japan later became modern flip-flops.
109學測英文試卷-44
109學測英文試卷-45
第45至48題為題組
Ships are the lifeline of trade among countries. Almost everything， from food to machinery， comes by way of the sea in huge ships piloted by captains. But the captain of a ship is responsible for guiding the vessel until they hit a port， waiting to enter the harbor. The task of bringing the ship into the harbor and anchoring it is taken up by a different captain. This captain is called a marine pilot.
A marine pilot is a boat pilot with specialized knowledge of a particular port or harbor. The pilot is needed to direct large ships into a port， where there are often deep water channels surrounded by shallower seabeds. Without the services of a marine pilot， docking ships would be hazardous. There would be a real chance of running aground and damaging the ship and the cargo， some of which might be dangerous if released into a water-based ecosystem.
In addition to the shallower seabeds， tide and wind pose further challenges for bringing ships into a port. During different tides， currents may change from one direction to the other. The same strategy for docking a vessel during an incoming tide may not work during an outgoing tide. Also， the wind can significantly alter the direction of the ship and how it reacts， adding to the difficulty of anchoring the ship.
Marine pilotage is a job that requires a high degree of proficiency as well as quick and independent thinking. Above all， it is about risk management. A marine pilot goes on board at a **crucial time** and controls the vessel based on his or her knowledge of the port and the situation at hand. The pilot is responsible for not only the safety of the ship but also the protection of the port and the marine environment.
45. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) A special profession.
(B) Shipping and trading.
(C) Guidelines for safe docking.
(D) Protection of the marine environment.
