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第45至48題為題組
47. What does “a **crucial time**”” in the last paragraph refer to?
(A) When the vessel hits a flat.
(B) When the channel is not deep enough.
(C) When there is a collision of two ships.
(D) When a ship is waiting to enter the port.”

第45至48題為題組
48. How does the author conclude the passage in the last paragraph?
(A) By adding new details.
(B) By predicting future development.
(C) By summarizing the main points.
(D) By giving advice to the general public.

第49至52題為題組
Probably the most widely used oil in cooking， olive oil is made by crushing olives with stone or steel blades to release the oil. Extra virgin oil， the finest grade， is made from the first pressing of the olives and has a very low acidity rate (under 1%). To be qualified as “extra virgin，”” the oil must also pass both an official test in a laboratory and a sensory evaluation by a trained tasting panel. It must be free from impurity， while exhibiting some fruitiness and creating a pleasant bitter flavor along with a peppery sensation in the mouth. Second on the ranking is virgin olive oil. It is also a first pressing， but has a slightly higher acidity level (under 2%). Lastly， pure olive oil is the cheapest olive oil. It is refined to remove its impurities and blended to improve flavor， and is recommended for all-purpose cooking.
Packaging and storage also have an impact on the quality of olive oil. Olive oil spoils quickly when exposed to direct sunlight， so it should be stored in the dark at 16-18°C. Moisture and oxygen promote oxidation and therefore limit its shelf life. Plastic containers usually do not provide adequate protection from light， heat， or moisture; additionally， small particles in plastics can leak into the oil， which further reduces its quality.
Olive oil tasters have long adopted descriptive terms such as “”pure”” and “”light”” to evaluate the quality of olive oil. Recently， however， the International Olive Council (IOC) is seeking input on test methods to improve the transparency of the testing process and boost the accuracy of the results. A redefinition of the term “”olive oil”” is also proposed to make a clear distinction between virgin olive oil and pure olive oil. Industry members of the IOC hope to promote the trade of olive oil by initiating these changes.
49. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) The flavor of olive oil.
(B) The trade of olive oil.
(C) The promotion of olive oil.
(D) The quality of olive oil.”

第49至52題為題組
50. Which of the following statements is true about extra virgin olive oil?
(A) It is free from any bitter flavor.
(B) It is refined to remove its impurities.
(D) It has a lower acidity rate than virgin olive oil.

第49至52題為題組
51. According to the passage， what is the best way to store olive oil?
(A) In a plastic container in a damp cellar.
(B) In a clear glass bottle near the kitchen stove.
(C) In an airtight glass bottle in a kitchen cupboard.
(D) In an airproof bottle next to a well-lighted window.

第49至52題為題組
52. What is the IOC trying to do?
(A) Train more qualified olive oil tasters.
(B) Improve the ways of grading olive oil.
(C) Look for new techniques to boost production.
(D) Build better connections among industry members.

第53至56題為題組
Researchers in Japan have installed on a train a speaker that barks like a dog and snorts like a deer in order to prevent collisions with animals on the tracks.
The country has been troubled by a problem with trains colliding with deer on its railways. According to Japan’s transport ministry， there were 613 cases of train services suspended or delayed for at least 30 minutes resulting from collisions with deer and other wild animals in 2016-17.
Deer are attracted to railway lines because of a need for iron in their diets. They lick the rails to pick up iron filings caused by the action of wheels against tracks. This dietary need has led to a constant battle to keep the deer separate from the unforgiving nature of tons of onrushing rolling stock. In the past， flashing red lights and even lion faces have been unsuccessfully trialed in an attempt to keep deer off the tracks.
This new device has been invented by a team at the country’s Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI). RTRI officials explain that deer have a habit of repeatedly snorting short， shrill sounds to alert other deer when they perceive danger. The barking of the hound， which drives deer to panic， strengthens the effect of the warning noise， according to the RTRI. When the deer hear a combination of a 3-second-long recording of a deer’s snort and 20 seconds of a barking dog， they panic and flee rapidly.
RTRI researchers say late-night tests， at times when deer are most frequently seen by railway tracks， have resulted in a 45 percent reduction of deer sighting. Future plans include static barking sites where deer are commonly seen， but “the noises will not be blared in areas where people live beside the tracks.””
53. Why are deer attracted to train tracks?
(A) They mate at night near railways.
(B) They need nutrition from train tracks.
(C) They like to snort at the passing train.
(D) They sharpen their horns rubbing against the rails.”

第53至56題為題組
54. What device has NOT been used to solve the railway problem in Japan?
(A) Flashing lights.
(B) Barking speakers.
(C) Noisy train tracks.
(D) Lion face paintings.

第53至56題為題組
55. Which of the following is true about the deer issue discussed in the passage?
(A) RTRI’s new invention prompts deer to run away.
(B) People living near the tracks complain about deer snorts.
(C) 45 percent of train delays in Japan was caused by deer collision.
(D) A combination of sound and visual devices attracts more deer to the tracks.

第53至56題為題組
56. What does the author mean by “the unforgiving nature of tons of onrushing rolling stock”” in the third paragraph?
(A) The heavy weight of iron materials.
(B) The cruelty of a barking hound.
(C) The battle between deer and other animals.
(D) The danger of a fast-moving train.”